Relationship between permanent upper anterior teeth and anthropometric facial measures in different populations: a narrative review

Aim: The main purpose of this study was to conduct a narrative review investigating the possible relationship between permanent maxillary anterior teeth and anthropometric facial parameters in different populations. Methods: Searches were performed in the PubMed, BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde) and SciELO databases to identify relevant scientific articles using the following search terms: "maxillary anterior teeth", "facial measurements" and "anthropometry", in such a way that 218 publications were found. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 publications remained for full-text reading. Results: All studies involved male and female samples and it was notorious that male measurements were unanimously higher than those obtained in the opposite sex. The age of the analyzed participants ranged from 17 to 60 years; however, a mean age of 18 to 25 years was the most investigated in literature. In addition, facial measurements including the bizygomatic width, interpupillary distance, intercanthal distance, interalar width and intercommissural width have been proposed to help determine the correct size of anterior teeth. Conclusion: It was concluded that despite the limited number of studies, some factors that influence dental and facial dimensions, such as sex and age, can be identified. However, there is no standardization of the facial or dental parameters used in the studies, a fact that makes it difficult to establish a universal ratio for clinical dental practice

Involvement of tryptase-positive mast cells and angiogenesis in the growth of inflammatory odontogenic cysts

Abstract: Inflammatory periapical lesions are characterized by infiltration of different immune cell types, the functions of which depend on an effective vascular network. This study aimed to evaluate the mast cells density (MCD) in inflamatory odontogenic cysts capsules concerning microvascular density (MVD), microvascular area (MVA), and microvascular perimeter (MVP), and correlate such findings with the type of lesion, intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate, and thickness of the epithelial lining. Twenty inflamatory dentigerous cysts (IDCs), twenty radicular cysts (RCs), and twenty residual radicular cysts (RRCs) were submitted to immunohistochemical analysis using anti-tryptase and anti-CD34 antibodies. RCs exhibited the highest MCD, MVD, MVA, and MVP indexes (p = < 0.001, p = 0.008, p = 0.003 and p = < 0.001, respectively), and lesions with inflammatory infiltrate grade III showed the highest MVD (p = 0.044). Considering epithelial thickness, a higher MVP index was identified in lesions with hyperplastic epithelium (p = 0.018). In IDCs, RCs, and RRCs, a strong positive correlation was observed between MVA and MVP (r = 0.950 and p = < 0.001; r = 0.914 and p = < 0.001; r = 0.713 and p = < 0.001, respectively). In IDCs, a moderate correlation was observed between MCD and both MVA and MVP (r = 0.660 and p = 0.002; r = 0.634 and p = 0.003, respectively). These results suggest that tryptase-positive mast cells might play an important role in the angiogenic activity of IDCs, while RCs had the highest indexes. Our findings also confirmed that the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate and epithelial thickness influence angiogenesis.

Ameloblastic carcinoma arising from a preexistent ameloblastoma / Carcinoma ameloblástico decorrente de um ameloblastoma preexistente

ABSTRACT Ameloblastic carcinoma (AC) is a rare odontogenic tumor that represents the malignant counterpart of an ameloblastoma. There are few cases of AC in the English-language literature, with only 16 cases arising from preexisting ameloblastomas reported in the last 10 years. Multiple local recurrences of ameloblastomas precede this transformation. In the current report, we describe a case of AC at the posterior maxilla in a 42-year-old female submitted to surgical resection, with three recurrences of ameloblastoma in a period of four years. Imaging exams showed a radiodense mass with cortical bone disruption and maxillary sinus invasion. Histologic analysis demonstrated features of islands and nests of malignant epithelium transformation, atypia, pleomorphic cells, nuclear hyperchromatism, necrosis and desmoplasia. AC represents a rare and challenging histologic diagnosis. Surgical access with adequate hard and soft tissue margins is essential for influencing survival. The description of new cases may reveal, through of treatment and clinical follow-up, characteristics that allow us better understanding of AC behavior.

RESUMEN El carcinoma ameloblástico (CA) es un tumor odontogénico raro que representa el equivalente maligno de un ameloblastoma. Hay pocos casos de CA en la literatura en lengua inglesa: en los últimos 10 años, sólo se reportaron 16 casos originados de ameloblastomas previos. Múltiples recidivas locales de este tumor preceden esa transformación. En este reporte, describimos un caso de CA en región posterior de maxila en una mujer de 42 años de edad, sometida a resección quirúrgica. En un periodo de cuatro años, se produjeron tres recurrencias del ameloblastoma. Exámenes de imagen muestran una masa radiodensa con destrucción cortical e invasión del seno maxilar. El análisis histológico ha revelado islas y nidos característicos de transformación epitelial maligna, atipias, pleomorfismo celular, hipercromatismo nuclear, necrosis y desmoplasia. El diagnóstico histológico del CA representa un raro desafío. El abordaje quirúrgico con ampliación de los márgenes de tejido duro y blando es esencial en la sobrevida del paciente. La descripción de nuevos casos puede revelar, mediante tratamiento y acompañamiento clínico, características que ayuden a comprender mejor el comportamiento del CA.

RESUMO O carcinoma ameloblástico (CA) é um tumor odontogênico raro que representa o equivalente maligno de um ameloblastoma. Existem poucos casos de CA na literatura em inglês: nos últimos 10 anos, foram relatados apenas 16 casos surgidos de ameloblastomas preexistentes. Múltiplas recorrências locais desse tumor precedem essa transformação. Neste relato, descrevemos um caso de CA em região posterior de maxila em uma mulher de 42 anos de idade, submetida à ressecção cirúrgica. Em um período de quatro anos, ocorreram três recidivas do ameloblastoma. Exames de imagem exibiram uma massa radiodensa com destruição da cortical óssea e invasão do seio maxilar. A análise histológica revelou ilhas e ninhos característicos de transformação maligna epitelial, atipias, pleomorfismo celular, hipercromatismo nuclear, necrose e desmoplasia. O CA representa um raro e desafiador diagnóstico histológico. O acesso cirúrgico com ampliação das margens de tecido duro e mole é essencial para o impacto na sobrevida do paciente. A descrição de novos casos pode revelar, por meio do tratamento e do acompanhamento clínico, características que ajudem a entender melhor o comportamento do CA.

Macrophages subpopulations in chronic periapical lesions according to clinical and morphological aspects

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate macrophage M1 and M2 subpopulations in radicular cysts (RCs) and periapical granulomas (PGs) and relate them to clinical and morphological aspects. M1 macrophages were evaluated by the percentage of CD68 immunostaining associated with the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, and M2 macrophages, by its specific CD163 antibody. The CD68+/CD163+ ratio was adopted to distinguish between the two macrophage subpopulations. Clinical, radiographic, symptomatology, treatment, and morphological parameters of lesions were collected and a significance level of p = 0.05 was adopted for statistical analysis. The results showed that the CD68+/CD163+ ratio was higher in the RCs (median = 1.22, p = 0.002), and the highest TNF-α immunostaining scores were found in RCs (p = 0.018); in PGs, the CD68+/CD163+ ratio was lower and associated with a greater CD163+ immunostaining (median = 1.02, p <0.001). The TNF-α in cyst epithelium had a score of 3 in 10 cases and predominance of M1 macrophages by CD68+/CD163+ (median = 2.23). In addition, CD68+ cells had higher percentage of immunostaining in smaller RCs (p = 0.034). Our findings suggest that increased CD68 immunostaining associated with TNF-α cytokine in RCs results in a greater differentiation of the M1 phenotype. The higher CD163 immunostaining in PGs results in greater differentiation of the M2 phenotype. Therefore, the inflammatory state promoted by M1 macrophages is related to growth and progression of RCs; on the other hand, the immunomodulatory state of M2 macrophages is related to maintenance of PGs.

Side effects of intraoral devices for OSAS treatment / Side effects of intraoral devices for OSAS treatment

Abstract Introduction: Intraoral devices have increasingly assumed a key role in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, but there are limitations to their indication and side effects that result from their continuous use, as well as the use of the continuous positive airway pressure device. Objectives: To evaluate the changes in dental positioning caused by the continuous use of mandibular advancement devices. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study with a sample of 15 patients, with evaluation of complete documentation after a mean time of 6.47 months, assessed changes in dental positioning due to the use of the Twin Block oral device for the treatment of patients with apnea. The following variables were evaluated: overjet, overbite, upper and lower intermolar distances, upper and lower intercanine distances, Little's irregularity index and the incisor mandibular plane angle. An intraclass correlation test was performed and a correlation index > 0.08 was accepted. After verifying the normal sample distribution (Shapiro-Wilks), a parametric test was used (t test), with a significance level set at 5%. Results: There was a decrease in the values of overjet, overbite and Little's irregularity index, whereas there was an increase in the lower intercanine distance and IMPA values. All these variables are influenced, at different levels, by the forward inclination of the lower incisors, an action that can be expected due to the force applied by the device on the dentition. The other variables did not show statistically significant differences. Conclusion: After a mean time of 6.47 months of use of the mandibular advancement device, there were statistically significant changes in the dental positioning, but they were not clinically relevant. However, it is relevant that this device is commonly in use over long periods of time, making the monitoring of these patients of the utmost importance for the duration of their therapy.

Resumo: Introdução: Os aparelhos intraorais têm assumido cada vez mais um papel importante no tratamento da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono, mas existem limitações a sua indicação e efeitos colaterais com o seu uso contínuo, assim como com o uso do aparelho de pressão aérea positiva contínua. Objetivos: Avaliar as alterações no posicionamento dentário produzido pelo uso contínuo do aparelho de projeção mandibular. Método: Através de estudo longitudinal prospectivo com amostra de 15 pacientes, com avaliação de documentações completas após um tempo médio de 6,47 meses do uso do aparelho oral de Twin Block para tratamento de pacientes com apneia, foram avaliadas as alterações do posicionamento dos dentes decorrentes do seu uso. As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: overjet, overbite, distâncias intermolares superior e inferior, distâncias intercaninos superior e inferior, índice de irregularidade de Little e ângulo do plano incisivo mandibular. Foi feito teste de correlação intraclasse e foram aceitos índices de correlação acima de 0,08. Após atestada a distribuição normal da amostra (Shapiro-Wilks), foi usado um teste paramétrico (teste t), com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Houve diminuição nos valores de overjet, overbite e irregularidade de Little e aumento nos valores da distância intercanino inferior e do ângulo do plano incisivo mandibular. Todas essas variáveis sofrem influência, com diferentes expressividades, da inclinação para frente dos incisivos inferiores, uma ação que pode ser esperada devido à força aplicada pelo aparelho sobre a dentição. As demais variáveis não demostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Conclusão: Houve mudanças estatisticamente significativas no posicionamento dos dentes, porém clinicamente sem relevância, com um tempo médio de uso de 6,47 meses do aparelho de avanço mandibular. Contudo, deve-se considerar que o uso dessa aparelhagem é comum durante longos períodos, fazendo com que seja de suma importância o acompanhamento desses pacientes a longo prazo.

Incidental Discovery of Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Mucosa with Metachronous Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Upper Lip / Hallazgo Incidental de Carcinoma de Células Acinares de la Mucosa Oral con Carcinoma Adenoide Quístico Metacrónico del Labio Superior

ABSTRACT: Multiple salivary gland tumors represent an unusual event characterized by the development of composite lesions originated from minor or major salivary glands. These neoplasms can be categorized into three perspectives: Histologic type, time of appearance and topographic distribution. We report an unusual case of a 73-year-old black man with an acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) of the oral mucosa discovered incidentally during surgical removal of an adjacent mucocele. Approximately one year after the first consultation, the patient was seen at the local cancer reference center with a third lesion that was diagnosed as an adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) of the upper lip. The patient underwent surgical reconstruction of the treated areas and has been free of the disease for the past year. To our knowledge, the combination of ACC and AdCC in intraoral sites has not been reported in the literature.

RESUMEN: Los tumores de glándulas salivales múltiples representan un evento inusual caracterizado por el desarrollo de lesiones compuestas, originadas en glándulas salivales menores o mayores. Estos neoplasmas se pueden categorizar en tres perspectivas: tipo histológico, tiempo de aparición y distribución topográfica. Reportamos un caso inusual de un hombre negro de 73 años con un carcinoma de célula acínica (ACC) de la mucosa oral descubierta incidentalmente durante la extirpación quirúrgica de un mucocele adyacente. Aproximadamente un año después de la primera consulta, el paciente se presentó en el centro de referencia del cáncer local con una tercera lesión que fue diagnosticada como carcinoma adenoide quístico (AdCC) del labio superior. El paciente se sometió a la reconstrucción quirúrgica de las áreas tratadas y durante el último año no ha presentado recurrencia de la enfermedad. De acuerdo a nuestro conocimiento la combinación de ACC y AdCC en sitios intraorales no se ha informado en la literatura.

Análise do papel dos exossomos derivados das linhagens celulares SCC-15 e HSC-3 no processo de angiogênese tumoral / Analysis of the role of exosomes derived from cell lines SCC-15 and HSC-3 in the process of tumor angiogenesis

Os exossomos são vesículas extracelulares originadas por brotamento interno da membrana de endossomos tardios que representam uma eficiente forma de comunicação intercelular. Devido às suas múltiplas funções biológicas, o foco de alguns estudos atuais tem se concentrado na análise do seu papel no desenvolvimento do câncer, progressão da doença, invasão, angiogênese e formação de metástases tumorais. Nesta perspectiva, o presente estudo objetivou caracterizar os exossomos secretados por duas linhagens celulares de carcinomas epidermoide oral (CEO) (SCC-15 e HSC-3) e avaliar seus efeitos sobre uma linhagem de células endoteliais (HUVEC), em relação à sua capacidade de formação de estruturas vasculares, taxas de migração, proliferação e índices de apoptose/necrose. Médias significativamente maiores de células com potencial invasivo (p<0,0001) e migratório (p<0,0001) foram observadas para a linhagem HSC-3. Ultraestruturalmente, verificou-se que as partículas derivadas da linhagem SCC-15 exibiram morfologia arredondada e diâmetro inferior a 150 nm. Nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi revelada entre as linhagens celulares estudadas, considerando a quantificação de nanovesículas (p=0,2252) e tamanho exossomal (p=0,1765). Por imunofluorescência indireta, identificou-se que 22,15% dos exossomos secretados pelas células SCC-15 e 18,37% dos exossomos derivados da linhagem HSC-3 expressaram o anticorpo anti-Anexina. No que se refere aos ensaios funcionais com as HUVECs, o tratamento com exossomos derivados da linhagem SCC-15 induziu um aumento significativo da capacidade de formação de estruturas vasculares (p<0,0001), potencial migratório (p=0,0016) e taxa de apoptose (p<0,0001), enquanto que uma redução da proliferação celular foi apontada (p=0,0030). Por outro lado, o tratamento com exossomos secretados pela linhagem HSC-3 promoveu uma redução significativa da formação tubular (p<0,0001), motilidade (p=0,0042) e proliferação celular (p=0,0010), ao passo que nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi observada no índice apoptótico (p=0,3004). Os resultados do presente estudo indicaram a participação dos exossomos derivados de linhagens de CEO no processo de angiogênese tumoral, onde as células SCC-15 exibiram forte resposta proangiogênica e a linhagem HSC-3 demonstrou efeito antiangiogênico (AU).

Exosome are extracellular microvesicles originated by inward budding of late endosomal membrane that represent an efficient form of intercellular communication. Because of its multiple biological functions, the focus of some recent studies has concentrated on the analysis of its role in cancer development, disease progression, invasion, angiogenesis and tumor metastasis formation. In this perspective, the present study aimed to characterize the secreted exosomes by two cell lines of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) (SCC-15 and HSC-3) and to evaluate its effects on a cell line of endothelial cells (HUVEC), in relation to their ability to form vascular structures, rates of migration, proliferation, and apoptosis / necrosis indices. Significantly higher means of cells with invasive (p<0.0001) and migratory potential (p = <0.0001) were observed for the HSC-3 cell line. Ultrastructurally, it was found that particles derived from the SCC-15 cell line exhibited a rounded morphology and diameter of less than 150 nm. No statistically significant difference was revealed between the studied cell lines, considering the nanovesicles quantization (p=0.2252) and exossomal size (p=0.1765). By indirect immunofluorescence, it was found that 22.15% of exosomes secreted by SCC-15 cells and 18.37% of exosomes derived from HSC-3 cells expressed anti-annexin antibody. With regard to the functional tests with HUVECs, treatment with exosomes derived from SCC-15 cell line induced a significant increase in their capacity of formation of vascular structures (p = <0.0001), migratory potential (p=0.0016) and rate of apoptosis (p<0.0001), while a decrease in cell proliferation was noted (p = 0.0030). On the other hand, the treatment with exosomes secreted by HSC-3 cell line produced a significant reduction in tubule formation (p<0.0001), motility (p = 0.0042) and cell proliferation (p=0.0010), whereas no statistically significant difference was observed in the apoptotic index (p=0.3004). The results of this study indicated the involvement of exosomes derived from OSCC cell lines in tumor angiogenesis process, in which the SCC-15 cells exhibited strong proangiogenic response and HSC-3 cell line showed antiangiogenic effect (AU).

Primary adenocarcinoma of the colon with metastases to the mandible and liver: a case report / Adenocarcinoma primario de colon con metástasis en mandíbula e hígado: reporte de un caso

Metastatic lesions to the mandible may be originated from primary tumors elsewhere in the body. However, metastatic colonic carcinomas to this bone have been described infrequently. We report the case of a 71-year-old man with an adenocarcinoma in the sigmoid colon with liver metastasis. The patient underwent chemotherapy with indication of sigmoidectomy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. One year and four months after the first metastatic diagnosis, the patient presented a tumor mass in the body and branch of the right mandible. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis with monoclonal antibodies specific for CEA, CK20, CDX-2, and vilin were compatible with the diagnosis of moderately differentiated metastatic adenocarcinoma with colonic origin. However, due to the wide spread of the disease, the patient died four months later. Tumor markers have been applied in clinical practice to assist in the diagnosis and to help guide prognosis, staging and treatment of cancer. The management of metastatic lesions remains a controversial issue and the development of new and more specific markers of gastrointestinal differentiation that may promote early diagnosis, are of continuous interest.

Las lesiones metastásicas de la mandíbula pueden surgir de los tumores primarios en cualquier partes del cuerpo. Sin embargo, el carcinoma metastásico de colon de este hueso se han reportado con poca frecuencia. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 71 años de edad, con un adenocarcinoma de colon sigmoide con metástasis en el hígado. El paciente fue sometido a quimioterapia con indicación de sigmoidectomía y linfadenectomía retroperitoneal. Un año y cuatro meses después de la emisión del primer diagnóstico de la metástasis, el paciente presentaba una masa tumoral en el cuerpo y rama de la mandíbula derecha. El análisis histopatológico e inmunohistoquímico con anticuerpos monoclonales específicos para CEA, CK20, CDX-2, y vilin fueron compatibles con el diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma moderadamente diferenciado metastásico originario en el colon. Sin embargo, debido a la amplia propagación de la enfermedad, el paciente murió cuatro meses más tarde. Los marcadores tumorales se han aplicado en la práctica clínica para ayudar en el diagnóstico y ayudar a orientar el pronóstico, la estadificación y tratamiento del cáncer. Gestión de las lesiones metastásicas sigue siendo un tema controvertido, y el desarrollo de marcadores nuevos y específicos que promueven la diferenciación del diagnóstico precoz gastrointestinal, son de interés continuo.

Recurrent Oral Manifestations of Paracoccidioidomycosis without Pulmonary Involvement: Case Report and Review of Literature / Manifestación Oral Recurrente de Paracoccidioidomcosis sin Compromiso Pulmonar: Reporte de Caso y Revisión de la Literatura

This article describes a case of recurrence of chronic paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) 11 years following the initial diagnosis. The patient was a 51-year-old white Brazilian female, which had been previously diagnosed with PCM. The physical examination revealed the presence of a single crusted lesion in the upper lip and an elevated lesion with fibrous scar appearance on right buccal mucosa. Although the diagnosis of PCM, the absence of pulmonary involvement led to the biopsy of the lesion localized on the buccal mucosa and the histopathological analysis in H&E and PAS stains revealed no morphological changes suggestive of any lesion. However, the exfoliative cytology stained with Grocott-Gomori showed the presence of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and the infection caused by this fungus was proven. Of this way, we emphasize the importance of stomatologic evaluation to the diagnosis of diseases that usually manifestssystemically. So, the correct diagnosis of oral manifestations of PCM, is essential to ensure early and safe intervention.

En este artículo se describe un caso de paracoccidioidomicosis crónica (PCM) recurrente 11 años después del diagnóstico inicial. La paciente una mujer blanca de Brasil de 51 años de edad, que había sido diagnosticada previamente con PCM. El examen físico reveló la presencia de una lesión única en el labio superior y una lesión elevada con apariencia de cicatriz fibrosa en la mucosa bucal derecha. No obstante el diagnóstico de PCM, la ausencia de compromiso pulmonar llevó a la biopsia de la lesión localizada en la mucosa bucal y el análisis histopatológico no demostró cambios morfológicos indicativos de cualquier lesión. Sin embargo, la citología exfoliativa teñida con Grocott-Gomori mostró la presencia de Paracoccidioides brasiliensis y la infección causada por este hongo fue probado. De esta manera, hacemos hincapié en la importancia de la evaluación odontológica para el diagnóstico de enfermedades que se manifiestan generalmente por vía sistémica. Por lo tanto, el diagnóstico correcto de las manifestaciones orales de PCM es esencial para asegurar la intervención temprana y segura.

Maxillary brown tumor associated with chronic kidney failure: a case report / Tumor marrom na maxila associado à insuficiência renal crônica: relato de caso

The brown tumor is a bone lesion that may affect the entire skeleton, including the maxillary bones. These tumors are characterized as focal giant cell lesions that may be associated with primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Brown tumors are invasive in some cases and an association with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been reported. With the aim to facilitate the differential diagnosis of bone lesions that may affect dialysis patients, this paper describes a case of brown tumor in a 36- year old patient with CRF, secondary HPT carrier, who had a lesion on the right maxilla for approximately five months.

O tumor marrom é uma lesão óssea que pode acometer todo o esqueleto, inclusive os ossos maxilares. Apresenta-se como uma lesão focal de células gigantes associada ao hiperparatireoidismo (HPT) primário ou secundário; é invasiva em alguns casos e pode associar-se à insuficiência renal crônica (IRC). O presente trabalho descreve um caso de tumor marrom em uma paciente de 36 anos com insuficiência renal crônica (IRC), portadora de HPT secundário, que apresentava lesão, com duração de aproximadamente cinco meses, localizada na maxila direita, com o objetivo de auxiliar o diagnóstico diferencial das lesões ósseas que podem afetar pacientes dialíticos.

Expressão de galectinas em carcinoma epidermóide oral / Expression of galectins in oral squamous cell carcinoma

O carcinoma epidermóide oral corresponde à neoplasia maligna mais prevalente na cavidade oral. Apesar dos recentes avanços em seu tratamento, apresenta uma taxa de sobrevida menor quando comparado a outros tipos de cânceres. O estudo de biormacadores que auxiliam a conduta clínica, assim como o estudo do poder de invasão dos tumores, tem recebido considerável atenção dos pesquisadores. Nesse contexto, incluem-se as galectinas, proteínas da família das lectinas animais, que estão envolvidas em vários processos biológicos nos organismos tais como controle do ciclo celular, resposta imune, adesão celular, apoptose e metástase. Atualmente 15 membros da família das galectinas são caracterizados em mamíferos. Como ferramentas sensíveis, estáveis e de fácil utilização, as galectinas estão sendo largamente utilizadas para reconhecer alterações nas superfícies de células tumorais. Entretanto, a possível participação das galectinas no desenvolvimento do tumor ainda é muito discutido. Este artigo consiste em uma revisão de literatura que apresenta informações sobre a expressão das galectinas 1 e 3 no carcinoma epidermóide oral, considerando seu papel multifuncional nos processos biológicos.

The oral squamous cell carcinoma represents the most prevalent malignancy in the oral cavity. In spite of recent advances in treatment, it has a lower survival rate compared to other types of cancers. The study of biormarkers that help the clinical management, as the study of the power of invasion of tumors, has received considerable attention from researchers. In this context, include the galectins, protein family of animal lectins, which are involved in various biological processes in organisms such as cell cycle control, immune response, cell adhesion, apoptosis and metastasis. Currently, 15 members of the family of galectins are characterized in mammalians. As sensitive, stable and easy tools to use, galectins are widely used to recognize changes in the surfaces of tumor cells. However, the possible involvement of galectins in tumor development is still much debated. This article is a literature review that presents information of the expression of galectins 1 and 3 in oral squamous cell carcinoma, considering its multifunctional role in biological processes.

Influence of dialysis duration and parathyroid hormone on the clinical and radiographic oral conditions of pre-transplant patients with chronic kidney disease

Aim: To evaluate the oral conditions of patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysisand to determine the influence of dialysis duration and bone metabolism on the prevalence andseverity of the alterations found. Methods: The simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), prevalenceof dental caries (decayed, missing filled teeth index, DMFT), and the periodontal screening andrecording (PSR) index were evaluated in 154 patients. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium,phosphorus and urea measurements, as well as panoramic radiographs, were obtained from allpatients. To evaluate the effect of duration of dialysis treatment on oral health, the patients weredivided into two groups: (1) <5 years and (2) > 5 years. Regarding blood levels of PTH, patientswere divided into three groups: (1) 0-149 pg/mL, (2) 150-584 pg/mL, and (3) >585 pg/mL. TheOHI-S identified the accumulation of biofilm and calculus around the teeth. Results: Gingivalinflammation was found in 100% of dentate patients, with 2 being the predominant PSR score(72.3%). The DMFT index was high (17.52). Dental calculus was the most common radiographicfinding (70.8%). No significant correlation was observed between dialysis duration, biochemicalalterations, and oral health. Conclusions: Most patients undergoing dialysis presented precariousoral hygiene, periodontal inflammation, and bone alterations. However, these manifestationswere not influenced by the duration of dialysis or bone metabolism.

Estilos de aprendizagem na velhice: uma investigação entre idosos participantes de uma universidade aberta à terceira Idade / Learning styles in old age: an aged between research participants of a university opened for seniors

Conhecer os estilos de aprendizagem dos indivíduos é de extrema importância tanto para quem aprende quanto para quem ensina. O presente projeto teve como objetivo identificar os estilos de aprendizagem predominantes de alunos idosos e verificar se há correlação entre os estilos de aprendizagem com as variáveis sociodemográficas. A amostra foi composta por 248 participantes do estudo "Educação Permanente - Benefícios da Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade EACH USP". Utilizou-se um protocolo que incluía o questionário sociodemográfico e o Inventário de Estilo de Aprendizagem (Learning Style Inventory - LSI), de David A. Kolb. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e análise inferencial. O estilo de aprendizagem dominante foi o assimilador e identificou-se a existência de associação entre estilos de aprendizagem dos idosos e sexo (p = 0.0372), faixa etária (p = 0.0450), escolaridade para o sexo masculino (p = 0.0155) e sexo para idosos com até o nível ensino fundamental (p = 0.0166). Os resultados do presente estudo estão alinhados às perspectivas teóricas e aos achados da literatura no que se refere à característica da amostra e aos estilos de aprendizagem identificados. Futuros trabalhos deverão ser realizados no intuito de investigar mais sobre a temática da aprendizagem em idosos.

It is known that learning refers to how beings acquire new knowledge, develop skills and change behavior. Thus, knowing the learning styles of individuals is important, both for those who learn how to teach. In this sense, this research project aimed to describe the sociodemographic characteristics of the sample, identify the predominant learning styles of these individuals and see if there is a correlation between learning styles with sociodemographic variables. The sample consisted of 248 elderly participants in the study "Continuing Education - Benefits of the Open University of the Third Age EACH USP", funded by the National Institute for Educational Studies and Research Teixeira (INEP) Ministry of Education. We used a protocol that included sociodemographic questionnaire and the Learning Style Inventory (Learning Style Inventory - LSI) by David A. Kolb. Descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. The dominant learning style was the assimilator and identified the association between learning styles of older people and sex (p = 0.0372), age (p = 0.0450), schooling for males (p = 0.0155) and sex for seniors with even the elementary school level (p = 0.0166). The results of this study are in line with theoretical perspectives and findings in the literature with regard to sample characteristics and learning styles identified. Future studies should be conducted in order to investigate more about the topic of learning in the elderly.

Qualidade de vida e experiência em saúde bucal de crianças com e sem infecção pelo HIV / Quality of life and oral health experience in HIV-infected andnon-infected children

Objective: Identify and compare quality of life indicators with oral health experience of HIV-infected and non-infected children. Methods: The study was of the descriptive, exploratory and quantitative type, which was used the modified Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie Enfant Imagé, consisting of 26 questions with four possible answers and total scores ranging from 0 to 78. The cut-off score was 48, with same or higher scores indicative of satisfaction with quality of life indicators and lower, prejudiced quality of life indicators. To evaluate oral health experience, six questions were added, which used the same score scale as Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie Enfant Imagé, but that were considered separately. Eighty children from 6 to 13 years old participated in the research. They were divided in two groups: 20 HIV+ (Group 1) and 60 HIV- (Group 2). Results: The mean scores were 50.45 and 50.8 for Groups 1 and 2, respectively. In relation to the oral health experience, the mean score was 7.0 for Group 1 and 8.6 for Group 2, showing significant differences (p = 0.0018). When the subdivision by age (children from 6 to 10 years and from 11 to 13) was considered, significant differences were also observed only for the oral health experience (p = 0.0165). Conclusion: The children interviewed had satisfactory quality of life indicators indicators, while the oral health of HIV-infected children was considered impaired when compared with that of non-infected children.

Objetivo: Identificar e comparar os indicadores de qualidade de vida com a experiência em saúde bucal de crianças infectadas ou não pelo HIV.Métodos: O estudo foi do tipo descritivo, exploratório e com abordagem quantitativa, no qual foi utilizado o Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie Enfant Imagé modificado, composto por 26 questões com quatro possibilidades de resposta e pontuação total variando de 0 a 78 escores. A nota de corte foi de 48, sendo os escores iguais ou superiores à mesma indicativos de qualidade de vida satisfatória e os inferiores, de prejudicada. Para avaliar a experiência em saúde bucal, foram adicionadas seis questões que utilizavam a mesma escala de pontuação do Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie Enfant Imagé, mas que foram consideradas separadamente. Participaram da pesquisa 80 crianças dos 6 aos 13 anos que foram divididas em dois grupos: 20 HIV+ (grupo 1) e 60 HIV- (grupo 2). Resultados: A média geral dos escores foi de 50,45 e de 50,8 para os grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente. Em relação à experiência em saúde bucal, a média dos escores foi de 7,0 para o grupo 1 e de 8,6 para o grupo 2, verificando-se diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p=0,0018). Ao se considerar as crianças de acordo com a subdivisão por idades (6 a 10 anos e 11 a 13) também foram observadas diferenças significativas apenas quanto à experiência em saúde bucal (p=0,0165).Conclusão: As crianças entrevistadas apresentaram padrões de qualidade de vida satisfatórios, enquanto que em relação à saúde bucal, as com HIV foram consideradas prejudicadas quando comparadas com as não infectadas.